Castles and Warfare in the Middle Ages

Marc Notes:
Originally published: An essay on the military architecture of the Middle Ages. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977.;Includes bibliographical references and index.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Visigoths in the Fifth Century
The Barbarians imitated the Romans
Wooden Ramparts of the Celts
The Roman Testudo
The Roman Camps
Wooden Towers on Roman Walls
Roman Walls of Towns
The Visigoth Fortifications
Towers at Carcassonne
Tower with Outworks
Fortifications of Towns
Roman Towns
Visigoth Towns
Roman Fortifications
The Tower
The Rat
Attacks of the German Tribes
The Battering-ram used in the Tenth Century
The Battering-ram used in the Eleventh Century
Improvements after the First Crusades
Detached Forts introduced in the Twelfth Century
Advantages of Detached Forts
Frequency of Sorties
The Norman Castles
Activity of Defenders Necessary
The Engines of War
The Mine
Siege of Carcassonne in 1240
The Battering-ram in the Thirteenth Century
Siege of Toulouse by Simon de Montfort
Fortifications of Carcassonne
Plan of Carcassonne
Bird's-eye View of Carcassonne
Necessity for Projections from the Walls
The Hoarding
The Hoard, and the Cat
The Lines of Approach
Engines for Attack and Defence
Attack by the Drawbridge from the Wooden Tower
Use of Bastions
Defensive Arrangements
Details of Defence
Means of Defence
Spirit of Feudalism
The Feudal Castle
Paris and the Louvre
Plan of Paris, Thirteenth Century
Plan of Paris, Fourteenth Century
Plan of Coucy
Plans of Towns
Anglo-Norman Feudalism
Feudal Castles of France
Richard Coeur-de-Lion, a consummate warrior and an able engineer
The Château-Gaillard
Keep of the Château-Gaillard
Siege of the Château-Gaillard by Philip Augustus, defended by Roger de Lacy
Castle of Montargis
The Donjon or Keep
The Donjon or Keep of Etampes
The Donjon or Keep of Provins
The Castle and Keep of Coucy
Enguerrand de Coucy
The Feudal Castles
Improved Modes of Defence
Arrangement of Loopholes
Loopholes and Battlements
Round Bastions
The Curtain-wall
The Pointed Bastion or Horn
Pointed Bastions or Beaks
Bastions at Aigues-Mortes
Plans of Bastions at Carcassonne and Falaise
The Narbonne Gate at Carcassonne
Means of Defence
The Drawbridge
Siege of Aubenton
Timber-hoarding
Battlements and Machicoulis
Hoarding and Machicoulis
Castle of Pierrefonds
The Walls of Avignon
Palace of the Pope at Avignon
The Castle of Vincennes
Plan of Vincennes
Improvement of Defences
Introduction of Infantry
The Battle of Crécy
Changes in Warfare
The Siege of Aiguillon
The Siege of Calais
The Jaquerie or Brigands
Superior Discipline of the English Armies
The Army of Du Guesclin
Feudal Traditions long preserved, except in the Good Towns
Introduction of Artillery
Early Use of Artillery and Trenches
The English Expelled from France by Improved Artillery
Further Improvements in Artillery
Cannons of the Fifteenth Century
An Archer of the Fifteenth Century
The Long-bow and the Cross-bow
Alterations of Castles to receive Cannon
The Castle of Bonaguil
Embrasures for Cannon
Modifications of Towers
Walls of the Town of Langres
Adaptations of Old Works
Tower at Perigueux
Fortress of Schaffhausen
Fortifications of Schaffhausen
Changes in the Art of Defence
Fortifications of Orange under Louis XI
Fortifications of Nuys
Castles of the Close of the Fifteenth Century
Modes of Strengthening Walls
Re-entering Ramparts
Fortifications of Sienna
Effects of Artillery
Use of Discharging-arches
Ramparts for Artillery
Ramparts of Earth and Timber
Ramparts of Timber
Embrasures formed with Gabions
The Trenches with Gabions
Fortifications of Metz
Widening the Area
Enlargement of Barbicans into Boulevards
Fortifications of Hull
Fortifications of Lubeck
Fortifications of Milan
Use of the Cavalier
The Bridge of Marseilles
Cavalier at Verona
Use of Traverses
Use of Bastions
Fortifications of Nuremberg
Fortifications of Augsburg
Frankfort-on-the-Maine
The Orillon
The Italian Engineers
Improved Bastions
Bastions attacked
A Bastion Isolated
Bird's-eye View of a Bastion
Use of Ravelins
Plans of Ravelins
Improvements in Embrasures
Embrasures at Nuremberg
Hoarding at Nuremberg
Improved Embrasures
Crenelles with Shutters
Embrasure with Loopholes
Embrasures at Basle
Complicated Defences
Advice of Machiavelli
Changes caused by the use of Artillery
Effects of Artillery
Mines and Countermines
Countermines--Galleries
Bastions according to De Ville
System of Vauban
Conclusion