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Marc Notes:
Originally published: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 615) and index.
Table of Contents:
PART ONE ORIENTAL AND GREEK ORIGINS
I THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
EARLY TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
PREHISTORIC TRAVEL AND TRADE
PREHISTORIC MEDICINE
PREHISTORIC MATHEMATICS
PREHISTORIC ASTRONOMY
PURE SCIENCES
DIFFUSION AND CONVERGENCE
II EGYPT
THE INVENTION OF WRITING
THE INVENTION OF PAPYRUS
ASTRONOMY
ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
TECHNOLOGY
METALLURGY AND MINING
"EGYPTIAN "SCIENCE"
ART AND LITERATURE
THE DAWN OF CONSCIENCE
III MESOPOTAMIA
GEOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
INVENTION OF WRITING
ARCHIVES AND SCHOOLS
THE BIRTH OF PHILOLOGY
BABYLONIAN SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS
ASTRONOMY
TECHNOLOGY
GEOGRAPHY
NATURAL HISTORY
THE CODE OF HAMMURABI
MEDICINE
HUMANITIES
IV DARK INTERLUDE
THE AEGEAN AREA
THE AEGEAN CULTURE
THE EARLY GREEK AND PHOENICIAN COLONIES. INVENTION OF THE ALPHABET
THE CONTINUITY OF ORIENTAL INFLUENCES
MATHEMATICAL TRADITIONS:
Egyptian arithmetic
Minoan arithmetic
Egyptian geometry
Babylonian mathematics
ASTRONOMIC TRADITIONS
BIOLOGIC AND MEDICAL TRADITIONS
TECHNICAL TRADITIONS
MYTHOLOGY
THE DARKEST HOUR BEFORE THE DAWN
V THE DAWN OF GREEK CULTURE. HOMER AND HESIOD
THE GREEK MIRACLE
THE Iliad
MINSTRELS AND RHAPSODISTS
HOMER?
MORE ABOUT THE Iliad
THE Odyssey. HOMER II
EARLY HOMERIC TRADITIONS
WHAT DID HOMER TEACH?
GEOGRAPHY
MEDICINE
OTHER ARTS AND CRAFTS
"HOMER, THE FIRST EDUCATOR OF THE WESTERN WORLD"
FÉNELON
LEGENDS
WOLF AND SCHLIEMANN
HESIOD
Works and days
Descent of the gods
HESIOD II
HESIODIC STYLE AND TRADITION
BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES:
Homer
Hesiod
VI ASSYRIAN INTERMEZZO
VII IONIAN SCIENCE IN THE SIXTH CENTURY
THE ASIATIC CRADLE OF GREEK SCIENCE
"ASIA, THE HOME OF PROPHETS"
MILETOS
THE SEVEN WISE MEN
THALES OF MILETOS
ANAXIMANDROS OF MILETOS
ANAXIMENES OF MILETOS
CLEOSTRATOS OF TENEDOS
XENOPHANES OF COLOPHON
EGYPTIAN INTERLUDE
"NECHO, KING OF EGYPT "
"HECATAIOS OF MILETOS, THE FATHER OF GEOGRAPHY"
GREEK TECHNICIANS OF THE SIXTH CENTURY
CADMOS OF MILETOS
THE RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND AND THE SUPERSTITIOUS UNDERGROUND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIII PYTHAGORAS
WHO WAS PYTHAGORAS?
THE PYTHAGOREAN BROTHERHOOD AND THE EARLY PYTHAGOREAN DOCTRINES
ARITHMETIC
GEOMETRY
ASTRONOMY
MUSIC AND ARITHMETIC
MEDICINE
ALCMAION AND DEMOCEDES
NUMBERS AND WISDOM
THE PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE IS THE GREATEST PURIFICATION
PART TWO THE FIFTH CENTURY
IX GREECE AGAINST PERSIA. THE GLORY OF ATHENS
THE PERSIAN WARS
FIFTY YEARS OF RELATIVE PEACE
LYRIC POETRY
THE ARTS
TRAGEDY
COMEDY
THE FIFTH CENTURY ITSELF A TRAGEDY
THE DANGER OF COMPARING THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT
X PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE TO THE DEATH OF SOCRATES
HERACLEITOS OF EPHESOS
ANAXAGORAS OF CLAZOMENAE
THE ELEACTIC SCHOOL. PARMENIDES AND ZENON OF ELEA
MELISSOS OF SAMOS
EMPEDOCLES OF AGRIGENTUM
THE ATOMISTS
LEUCIPPOS AND DEMOCRITOS
THE SOPHISTS
"PROTAGORAS OF ABDERA, GORGIAS OF LEONTINI, AND ANTIPHON OF RHAMNOS"
Protagoras of Abdera
Gorgias of Leontini
Antiphon of Rhamnos
SOCRATES OF ATHENS
THE BOOK OF JOB
XI "MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FIFTH CENTURY"
MATHEMATICS
ZENON OF ELEA
DEMOCRITOS OF ABDERA
HIPPOCRATES OF CHIOS
OINOPIDES OF CHIOS
HIPPIAS OF ELIS
THE ODOROS OF CYRENE
ANTIPHON THE SOPHIST
BRYSON OF HERACLEA
ASTRONOMY
PARMENIDES OF ELEA
PHILOLAOS OF CROTON
HICETAS OF SYRACUSE
ECPHANTOS OF SYRACUSE
THE ASTRONOMIC VIEWS OF LEUCIPPOS AND DEMOCRITOS
OINOPIDES OF CHIOS
METON AND EUCTEMON
TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ARTACHAIES THE PERSIAN
AGATHARCHOS OF SAMOS
HIPPODAMOS OF MILETOS
THE SILVER MINES OF LAURION
XII GEOGRAPHERS AND HISTORIANS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY
GEOGRAPHY
SCYLAX OF CARYANDA
SATASPES THE ACHAIMENIAN
HANON OF CARTHAGE
HIMILCON OF CARTHAGE
"THE HISTORIANS: HERODOTOS, THUCYDIDES, AND CTESIAS"
HERODOTOS OF HALICARNASSOS
THUCYDIDES OF ATHENS: The plague of Athens
HERODOTOS AND THUCYDIDES
CTESIAS OF CNIDOS
XIII "GREEK MEDICINE OF THE FIFTH CENTURY, CHIEFLY HIPPOCRATIC"
FROM HOMER TO HIPPOCRATES
THE SCHOOL OF CNIDOS
THE SCHOOL OF COS
HIPPOCRATES OF COS
HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE:
1. Anatomy and physiology
2. Prognosis versus diagnosis
3. What diseases did the Hippocratic physicians know?
4. Hygiene and therapeutics
5. Medical climatology
6. Scientific aspects of Hippocratism
7. Psychologic healing
THE HIPPOCRATIC ACHIEVEMENTS
THE ASCLEPIADAI
XIV THE HIPPOCRATIC CORPUS
COMPLETE OR PARTIAL GENUINENESS OF THE HIPPOCRATIC WRITINGS
EARLY COMMENTARIES: Printed editions
MAIN MEDICAL WRITINGS
1. "The sacred disease, De morbo sacro, Peri hieres nosu"
2. "Prognostic, Prognostica sive praenotiones, Prognosticon"
3. "Regimen in acute diseases, De di
29. "Percepts, Praecepta, Parangeliai"
LETTERS
30. APOCHRYPHAL LETTERS
"THE MEDIEVAL TRADITION OF HIPPOCRATES: Second half of the twelfth century, First half of the thirteenth century, Second half of the thirteenth century, First half of the fourteenth century, Second half of the fourteenth century"
XV COAN ARCHAEOLOGY
PART THREE THE FOURTH CENTURY
XVI PLATO AND THE ACADEMY
POLITICAL BACKGROUND
SCOPAS AND PRAXITELES
PLATO'S LIFE
THE ACADEMY (387 B.C. TO A.D. 529)
LATER HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY (348 B.C. TO A.D. 529)
ORIENTAL INFLUENCES
THE THEORY OF IDEAS
PLATOS WRITINGS
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY
PLATO'S WORKS AND THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
POLITICS
THE GREAT BETRAYAL
PLATO'S POLITICAL PROBLEM
LEADERSHIP
POLITICS AND MATHEMATICS
NEITHER FREEDOM NOR TRUTH IN THE REPUBLIC
PLATO'S RELIGION
PLATO'S LACK OF HUMANITY
THE Timaios
PLATONIC LOVE
CONCLUSION
A NOTE ON THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL TRADITION OF THE Timaios
XVII MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY IN PLATO'S TIME
MATHEMATICS
THEAITETOS
LEODAMOS
"NEOCLEIDES, AND LEON"
ARCHYTAS OF TARENTUM
EUDOXUS OF CNIDOS
ASTRONOMY
KIDINNU
"THE PRECURSORS OF SCIENTIFIC ASTRONOMY: PHILOLAOS, HICETAS, AND ECPHANTOS"
"THE FOUNDER OF SCIENTIFIC ASTRONOMY, EUDOXOS OF CNIDOS, AND HIS THEORY OF HOMOCENTRIC SPHERES"
THE ASTRONOMIC FANCIES OF PLATO AND PHILIP OF OPUS. THE INTRODUCTION OF SIDEREAL RELIGION INTO THE WESTERN WORLD
THE Epinomis
XVIII XENOPHON
XENOPHON'S WRITINGS
PLATO AND XENOPHON
XENOPHON AS EDUCATOR
FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
XENOPHON'S VIEWS ON DIVINATION
XENOPHON'S HUMOR
XENOPHON'S INFLUENCE
XIX ARISTOTLE AND ALEXANDER THE LYCEUM
THE GROWTH OF MACEDONIAN POWER
THE LIFE OF ARISTOTLE
"THE LOST ARISTOTLE. HIS EARLY, PLATONIC WRITINGS"
THE LIVING ARISTOTLE. HIS PERMANENT WRITINGS
"EDITIONS, TRANSLATIONS, INDEXES"
ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE
THE LYCEUM
ITS FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY
EARLY COMMENTATORS
SOME ASPECTS OF ARISTOTLE'S PHILOSOPHY
THE ORGANON
XX "MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, AND PHYSICS IN ARISTOTLES TIME"
MATHEMATICS
ARISTOTLE THE MATHEMATICIAN
SPEUSIPPOS OF ATHENS
XENOCRATES OF CHALCEDON
MENAICHMOS
DEINOSTRATOS
THEUDIOS OF MAGNESIA
EUDEMOS OF RHODES
ARISTAIOS THE ELDER
MATHEMATICS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTH CENTURY
ASTRONOMY
HERACLEIDES OF PONTOS
CALLIPOS OF CYZICOS
ARISTOTLE THE ASTRONOMER
AUTOLYCOS OF PITANE
ASTRONOMY IN ARISTOTLE'S TIME
PHYSICS
PHYSICS IN THE EARLY LYCEUM
GREEK MUSIC. ARISTOXENOS OF TARENTUM
XXI THE NATURAL SCIENCES AND MEDICINE IN ARISTOTLE'S TIME
GEOGRAPHY
ARISTOTLE THE GEOGRAPHER
PYTHEAS OF MASSILIA
NEARCHOS THE CRETAN
DICAIARCHOS OF MESSINA
ZOÖLOGY AND BIOLOGY
"ARISTOTLE, THE ZOÖLOGIST, THE BIOLOGIST: Comparative anatomy and physiology, Habits of animals, Embryology"
BOTANY
THE RHIZOTOMISTS
ARISTOTLE THE BOTANIST
THEOPHRASTOS OF ERESOS
THE FATHER OF BOTANY
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY
EARLY KNOWLEDGE
THEOPHRASTOS THE MINERALOGIST
MEDICINE
ARISTOTLE THE PHYSICIAN
THE DOGMATIC SCHOOL. DIOCLES OF CARYSTOS
MENON
XXII ARISTOTELIAN HUMANITIES AND HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C.
ECOLOGY
ETHICS
POLITICS
"HISTORIOGRAPHY: Ephoros of Cyme, Theopompos of Chios"
HISTORIANS OF SCIENCE:
Rhetoric
Poetics
CONCLUSION
XXIII OTHER THEORIES OF LIFE AND OF KNOWLEDGE. THE GARDEN AND THE PORCH
THE CYNICS
THE SKEPTICS
EUHEMERISM
THE GARDEN OF EPICUROS
EPICUROS OF SAMOS
EPICUREAN PHYSICS AND PHILOSOPHY
EPICUROS' STRUGGLE AGAINST CLERICALSM AND SUPERSTITION
THE SCHOOL
EPICROS' CHARACTER
HIS DEATH
THE STOA
ZENON OF CITION
STOIC SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL
EPILOGUE
XXIV THE END OF A CYCLE
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
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Although science did not begin in ancient Greece (millennia of work in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other regions preceded Greek efforts) it is nevertheless true that methodic, rational investigation of the natural universe originated largely with early Hellenic thinkers. Thus, the major part of this book is of necessity devoted to Greece. Drawing wherever possible on original sources, Dr. Sarton, one of the world's foremost historians of science, paints a vivid and illuminating picture of mathematics, astronomy, physics, biology, medicine, and other sciences as they emerged from the mists of prehistory and ultimately flourished within the context of Greek society. The book is divided into three parts. Part One begins with the earliest evidence of prehistoric mathematics, astronomy, and other science. Dr. Sarton then describes the achievements of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the dawn of Greek culture and the remarkable flowering of Ionian science in the sixth century B.C. Thales of Miletos, Anaximandrox, and Xenophanes are among the important figures discussed. An entire chapter focuses on the influential doctrines of Pythagoras.Part Two opens with the glory of Athens in the fifth century B.C. and its magnificent achievements in poetry and the arts, philosophy, and science. Described in lucid detail are groundbreaking contributions of Heracleitos, Anaxagoras, Protagoras, Zenon of Elea, Parmenides, Democritos, and many others. Also included in this section are perceptive discussions of geographers and historians of the fifth century (Herodotos, Thucydides, and others) and Greek medicine of the fifth century (chiefly Hippocratic).
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